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Pdf Download Quality Assurance in the Pathology Laboratory: Forensic, Technical, and Ethical Aspects

Written By share_e on Friday, April 29, 2011 | 3:04 PM

Quality refers to the amount of the unpriced attributes contained in each unit of the priced attribute. Leffler, 1982 Quality is neither mind nor matter, but a third entity independent of the two, even though Quality cannot be defined, you know what it is. Pirsig, 2000 The continuous formulation of good practices and procedures across fields reflects the importance of the recognition and maintenance of "quality" for nearly every profession. The widespread introduction of point-of-care testing, centralization of activities in large core laboratories, and the increase in number and complexity of diagnostic testing worldwide has driven changes in the organization of laboratory diagnostics over the past decades. As such, laboratory diagnostics, continuously catching up to updated techniques and complex procedures, need to stay vigilant about safety and good practices adjustments. Although widely defined and quantified, the concept of quality is an intrinsic feature of the human psyche and decision making. Written to improve laboratory work, Quality Assurance in the Pathology Laboratoryexamines: Quality assurance of quantifiable methods applied in laboratory medicine and toxicology Quality aspects of emerging disciplines including personalized therapy and virtopsy Regulatory and logistic instrumentation that ensure quality in laboratory methods Professional education at the graduate and postgraduate levels Laboratory diagnostics substantially contributes to clinical decision making by providing valuable information for the screening, diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and follow-up of most if not all human disorders. Providing general insights into the quality assurance aspects of pathology and laboratory medicine, this book aids in improving laboratory work and, at the same time, shows the possibilities and limits of all logistic and legal tools related to quality issues.

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Pdf Download Epigenetic Aspects of Chronic Diseases



Epigenetic Aspects of Chronic Diseases assembles in comprehensive form what is known about the role of epigenetics in chronic disease development. This book provides new insights into treatment, including modulation of epigenetic regulation. Each chapter gives an outline of a respective disease, explains why epigenetics may be involved in the disease process and then presents the evidence of how changes in epigenetic status contribute to initiation and progress of the disease. The final chapters look towards future therapeutic treatment, based on manipulation of epigenetic aspects. 

Written by widely published experts, Epigenetic Aspects of Chronic Diseases is a valuable reference tool for clinicians and researchers who investigate and treat chronic diseases, as well as health care personnel, post-doctoral fellows and medical or dental students.


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pdf Handbook of Counseling Psychology free download

Written By share_e on Thursday, April 28, 2011 | 7:38 PM



This new edition of the best known and only comprehensive reference covering counseling in clinical and educational settings is completely updated and revised, with chapters by leading figures in counseling psychology.
The Fourth Edition contains new chapters covering the most current information and important emerging professional trends including:
  • APA ethical standards
  • Managed care and prescription privileges
  • The growing use of technology in research, assessment, and counseling
  • The international growth of counseling psychology
  • Social justice issues
  • Positive psychology
  • Multicultural psychology
  • Counseling/supervision process and outcome
  • Vocational psychology
  • Prevention and development

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Public Health and Municipal Policy Making pdf free download

The power which medical knowledge has had in legitimising the rhetoric that surrounds municipal policy making is the focus of this study. Marjaana Niemi looks at two early twentieth-century public health campaigns concerned with infant welfare and the prevention of tuberculosis, which were aimed at improving health but which also served to regulate urban life and mediate social conflicts. Firstly, the book analyses the processes whereby different political aims became embedded in these 'apolitical' health campaigns, and, secondly, the role which the campaigns played in urban politics and governance. The political aims which public health campaigns advanced are explored by comparing health policies in Britain and Sweden. British and Swedish public health officials were part of one public health community, enjoying close links, attending the same conferences and contributing to the same journals. The problems they dealt with were often similar and in both countries health authorities claimed scientific grounds for their programmes. Yet the policies they pursued were often strikingly different. Through examination of two different national approaches, the book gives justice to the full complexity of the policy-making process and illuminates the wide range of factors that affected municipal policies.

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Healing at the Borderland of Medicine and Religion pdf Free Download

Written By share_e on Wednesday, April 27, 2011 | 5:11 AM

One of the transformations facing health care in the twenty-first century is the safe, effective, and appropriate integration of conventional, or biomedical, care with complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, such as acupuncture, chiropractic, massage therapy, herbal medicine, and spiritual healing. In Healing at the Borderland of Medicine and Religion, Michael H. Cohen discusses the need for establishing rules and standards to facilitate appropriate integration of conventional and CAM therapies.

The kind of integrated health care many patients seek dwells in a borderland between the physical and the spiritual, between the quantifiable and the immeasurable, observes Cohen. But this kind of care fails to present clear rules for clinicians regarding which therapies to recommend, accept, or discourage, and how to discuss patient requests regarding inclusion of such therapies. Focusing on the social, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions of integrative care and grounding his analysis in the attendant legal, regulatory, and institutional changes, Cohen facilitates a multidisciplinary conversation about the shift to a more fluid, pluralistic health care environment.




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Patient-Specific Modeling of the Cardiovascular System

Written By share_e on Tuesday, April 26, 2011 | 6:16 AM

The main purpose of the book is to demonstrate the design of a variety of patient-specific models within the cardiovascular system in computational biology. The maturation of computational biology could lead to a new approach to medicine. During the last five to ten years, there have been many improvements in diagnostic medical technologies such as multi-slice cardiac CT imaging, 3-D electroanatomic mapping, and many types of applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (i.e. magnetic resonance tagging and diffusion tensor imaging). Combined with more powerful computing resources and more accurate predictive computational models it is feasible to begin developing mechanistic patient-specific models that may help diagnosis, guide therapy or surgery, and predict outcomes of the latter. 

Many questions need to be answered before computational modeling can be fully integrated with standard care, such as what is the minimal data set needed from the patient in order to build a reliable predictive model? What accuracy is needed? How will the initial baseline model be validated? What are reasonable computation times? Is some type of perturbation of the patient’s physiology necessary? How could they be integrated with current practices? Are physicians willing to accept these models? These questions will also serve as guidelines throughout the chapters. The book will try to cover, such as cardiac electrophysiology, cardiac (muscle) mechanics, circulation dynamics, arterial and venous flow, angiogenesis, remodeling, metabolism, or combinations between these such as cardiac electromechanics or fluid-solid interactions.

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Free Download | Postmortem Toxicology of Abused Drugs




Postmortem Toxicology of Abused Drugs considers the role of toxicology in the investigation of homicide, suicide, accident, natural death, and overdose. It gives practical insights and case reviews on conducting toxicology tests and completing toxicology reports. It explains chain of custody; specimen collection and security; sampling of blood, urine, bile, and vitreous humor; and the selection of post-mortem specimens. Analyzing various testing procedures, the book covers simple chemical tests, microdiffusion tests, chromatography, spectroscopy, and more.

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Free Download | Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Abused Drugs




Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Abused Drugs is a concise and focused volume devoted to the metabolism and measurable effects of drugs on the human body. Beginning with basic concepts and models designed to provide a fundamental understanding of the subject matter, the book details the specifics of absorption, distribution, and elimination pathways and rates of commonly abused drugs. It analyzes the effects of drug use on human performance including response time, memory and recall, logical and cognitive processes, as well as physiological changes. Packed with data and comparative studies, this handy volume considers the effects of marketed and prescription medications as well as illicit drugs including opioids, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ketamine, nicotine, and LSD. Containing 29 figures and tables and extensive references, this is a must-have resource for the influence of drug use and abuse on human physiology and performance.

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Vitamin D pdf | Free Download

This is a technical book on vitamin D. Dr. Holick is a pioneer on this subject. He led the way in this field since 1990s. I came across vitamin D by pure serendipity. I realized how rudimentary was the medical knowledge on vitamin D presented in medical books. Up to this date, this new knowledge has not made it into the curricula of medical schools.

Then I came across an article that was published by Dr. Holick in The Lancet "Redefining vitamin D deficiency" in 1998. Since then, I never looked back and this new knowledge on vitamin D changed the way I practice medicine and my patients are grateful for it.

In this book, you will learn that vitamin D is not only to enhance bone density, but it is also a vital vitamin to maintain muscle strength, mass (to prevent falls), and that vitamin D has a vital role in preventing most cancers and preventing auto-immune disorders such as type 1 diabetes, mutiple sclerosis. A recent study on telomerase has found that vitamin D might even enhance longevity.

If you feel tired, and suffer from chronic fatigue, aches and pains, and "everything" has been checked and "normal", it is time your doctor checked 25, hydroxy vitamin D to make sure that your vitamin D is between 32-100 ng/ml and that you are taking adequate vitamin D. This book is written for doctors, clinicians, and researchers.


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Advances in Drug Research

Written By share_e on Monday, April 25, 2011 | 9:14 PM

Volume 26 continues the trend of shorter, more frequent volumes. With Volume 25, the series gained a new co-editor, Urs Meyer. While retaining the commitment to publish chapters on therapeutic or chemical classes and on general topics or concepts, the series' coverage has expanded to include methodological chapters, and new areas of recognized or potential significance to drug research, especially in molecular pharmacology.

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Cardiac Rehabilitation Manual pdf book | Free Download

Cardiac rehabilitation is of key importance to ameliorate long-term morbidity and mortality resulting from cardiac intervention. However, much of the current literature is dense, unwelcoming and academic in style and format. For those physicians understanding the scope of cardiac rehabilitation there is a need to distill the guidelines and various management options available to them into a concise practical manual. Up until now, all references have looked at the general options, but there is definite need to investigate the practicalities of individual patient groups.Cardiac rehabilitation is a medically supervised program to assist in the quick recovery of cardiac patients while improving their overall physical, mental and social functioning. 

The goal is to stabilize, slow or even reverse progression of cardiovascular disease, reducing the future risk of heart disease, another cardiac event or death. Cardiac rehabilitation programs include: Counseling: so the patient can understand and manage their own disease process including nutritional changes Beginning an exercise program, while supplying information on the physical limits Helping the patient modify secondary risk factors such as managing hypertension, smoking cessation, reducing blood cholesterol levels, reducing physical inactivity, obesity and managing diabetes. Lending emotional support and counseling on appropriate use of prescribed medications There is a need for practical guidance among all professionals involved in the management of these patients, from residents and fellows of cardiology and internal medicine, surgical teams, physiotherapy professionals, critical care physicians and family medicine practitioners.



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Pdf Download - Ultrasound Diagnostics of Thyroid Diseases - free book

As the basis for this book, the authors have analyzed more than 100,000 ultrasound examinations performed between 1995 and 2008 in patients with thyroid and parathyroid disease, as well as many thousands of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. The opening chapters include discussion of current ultrasound techniques, pitfalls, and ultrasound examination of the thyroid in children. Detailed attention is then devoted to findings in the normal thyroid and in the presence of diffuse and focal changes. Further chapters focus on such topics as the role of ultrasound after thyroid surgery and ultrasound diagnosis of parathyroid disease, recurrent goiter, and neck masses. Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive techniques, such as fine-needle aspiration biopsy and percutaneous laser ablation, are considered in depth. This up-to-date and richly illustrated book will interest and assist specialists in ultrasound diagnostics, radiologists, endocrinologists, and neck surgeons.


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Atherosclerosis Disease Management Pdf | Free Download

Atherosclerosis is a degenerative process affecting blood vessels, which determines narrowing of the lumen, plaque growth, and hardening of the walls. It is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this book is on the management of the atherosclerotic disease. The coverage of this book spans from histological presentation of the various stages of atherosclerotic lesions to the earliest studies in atherosclerosis therapy, from advanced clinical diagnosis to monitoring, follow-up, and home-care of the atherosclerotic patient.

The book shows well-established diagnostic techniques covering several medical imaging modalities such as Ultrasounds, IVUS, MRI, Computer Tomography, along with new trends in early and advanced atherosclerosis diagnosis (innovative drugs and tissue characterization procedures). Surgical standards will be presented along with innovative experimental trials for the treatment of the atherosclerotic patient. The book will also cover emerging techniques based on molecular imaging and vibro-acoustics


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Control of Human Parasitic Diseases Pdf | Free Download

Written By share_e on Saturday, April 23, 2011 | 9:04 PM

Control of parasitic infections of humans has progressed rapidly over the last three decades. Such advances have resulted from focal disease control efforts based on historically effective interventions to new approaches to control following intensive research and pilot programs. This volume focuses on the present state of control of the significant human parasitic infectious diseases. * Includes the impact of recent research findings on control strategy * Discusses the health policy implications of these findings and the importance of evaluation and monitoring * Highlights the lessons learned and the interactions between control programs and health systems

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Surgery of Spinal Tumors pdf | Free Download

Written By share_e on Wednesday, April 20, 2011 | 6:21 AM

This comprehensive monograph describes the experience gained through the treatment of patients with spinal tumors over a 25-year period. It covers clinical presentations and neuroradiological features of intramedullary, extramedullary and extradural spinal tumors. Furthermore, it provides step-by-step intraoperative photographs to describe surgical strategies and techniques, and gives detailed statistical analyses on postoperative outcomes by focussing on postoperative complications as well as short-term and long-term results. A reliable reference, this book will be of great interest to neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuromolecular biologists, neurophysiotherapists and occupational therapists.

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Handbook on Brain Connectivity pdf | Free Download

Written By share_e on Tuesday, April 19, 2011 | 12:31 PM

Our contemporary understanding of brain function is deeply rooted in the ideas of the nonlinear dynamics of distributed networks. Cognition and motor coordination seem to arise from the interactions of local neuronal networks, which themselves are connected in large scales across the entire brain. The spatial architectures between various scales inevitably influence the dynamics of the brain and thereby its function. But how can we integrate brain connectivity amongst these structural and functional domains?

Our Handbook provides an account of the current knowledge on the measurement, analysis and theory of the anatomical and functional connectivity of the brain. All contributors are leading experts in various fields concerning structural and functional brain connectivity. In the first part of the Handbook, the chapters focus on an introduction and discussion of the principles underlying connected neural systems. The second part introduces the currently available non-invasive technologies for measuring structural and functional connectivity in the brain. Part three provides an overview of the analysis techniques currently available and highlights new developments. Part four introduces the application and translation of the concepts of brain connectivity to behavior, cognition and the clinical domain.


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Free Download pdf : Molecular Biology of Human Cancers : An Advanced Student's Textbook

Written By share_e on Monday, April 18, 2011 | 8:22 PM

Over the last three decades, knowledge on the molecular biology of human cancers has vastly expanded. A host of genes and proteins involved in cancer development and progression have been defined and many mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and even tissue level have been, at least partly, elucidated. Insights have also been gained into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis by chemical, physical, and biological agents and into inherited susceptibility to cancer.

Accordingly, Part I of the book presents many of the molecules and mechanisms generally important in human cancers. Following an overview on the cancer problem, individual chapters deal with cancer genetics and epigenetics, DNA damage and repair, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, regulatory pathways in cancer, apoptosis, cellular senescence, tumor invasion, and metastasis.

A consensus is emerging that while these common mechanisms and molecules are all relevant to human cancers, in each cancer type (or even subtype) a selection of them are extremely important. For selected cancers, the route from genetic and epigenetic changes to their biological and clinical behavior can already be traced. Part II of the book presents a broad, but exemplary selection of cancers that serve as paradigms to illustrate this point.

In fact, cancer research has now reached a critical stage, in which the accumulated knowledge on molecular mechanisms is gradually translated into improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The state, pitfalls, and potential of these efforts are summarized in Part III.

More than ever, cancer research is now an interdisciplinary effort which requires a basic knowledge of commonly used terms, facts, issues, and concepts. The aim of this book is to provide advanced students and practitioners of different disciplines with this basis, bridging the gap between standard textbooks of molecular biology, pathology, and oncology on the one hand and the specialized cancer literature on the other.

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Epidemiology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)


Epidemiology plays an all-important role in many areas of medicine, from discovering the relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, to documenting the impact of diet, the environment, and exercise on general health, to tracking the origin and spread of new epidemics such as Swine Flu. It is truly a vital field, central to the health of society, but it is often poorly understood, largely due to misrepresentations in the media. In this Very Short Introduction, an internationally recognized authority on epidemiology, Dr. Rodolfo Saracci, provides a wealth of information on this key field, dispelling some of the myths surrounding the study of epidemiology, and explaining what epidemiology is and how vital it is to the discovery, control, and prevention of disease in world populations. Dr. Saracci provides a general explanation of the principles behind clinical trials, and explains the nature of basic statistics concerning disease. He also looks at the ethical and political issues related to obtaining and using information concerning patients, and trials involving placebos.

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Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War Against the Palestinians

"Chomsky is a global phenomenon . . . he may be the most widely read American voice on foreign policy on the planet."—The New York Times Book Review"Ilan PappĆ© is Israel's bravest, most principled, most incisive historian."—John PilgerDescribed by a UN fact-finding mission as "a deliberately disproportionate attack designed to punish, humiliate, and terrorize a civilian population," Israel's Operation Cast Lead thrust the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip into the center of the debate about the Israel/Palestine conflict.In Gaza in Crisis, Noam Chomsky and Ilan PappĆ©, two of the issue's most insightful and prominent critical voices, survey the fallout from Israel's conduct in Gaza and place it into the context of Israel's longstanding occupation of Palestine.Noam Chomsky is one of the world's foremost social critics, and one of its most prolific. He is author of Failed States and Hegemony or Survival, both New York Times bestsellers. He lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, and is institute professor emeritus in the MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.Ilan PappĆ© is professor of history at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, where he is also co-director of the Exeter Center for Ethno-Political Studies, director of the Palestine Studies Centre, and a longtime political activist. He is the author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.

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Coloproctology (Springer Specialist Surgery Series)

Coloproctology is a surgical specialty which dynamically changes every few years. There is a profusion of colorectal textbooks but specialty series on particularly complex topics as well as on the specialized management approach for trainees and training colorectal surgeons are actually few. The aim of this text is a superior quality colorectal book written by world experts targeted at senior surgical and colorectal trainees and young consultant coloproctologists in current areas of subspecialty expertise. The structure of the chapters is current and is based on what does not appear and is not addressed in current colorectal textbooks. This series has proven useful in areas already represented, including Neurosurgery, Vascular Surgery, Transplantation Surgery, etc. The text is aimed at being relatively didactic with an algorithm approach to specialized areas within coloproctology which could potentially be updated every 3 years or so with new topics to create a set for didactic training in colorectal surgery. It is anticipated that these texts will become valuable teaching textbooks and part of every coloproctologist’s armamentarium as well as appealing to all general surgeons and surgical trainees engaged in complex elective and emergency colorectal surgery.

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Free Download : Advances in Cancer Research, Volume 20

Advances in Cancer Research By Greenstein * Publisher: Academic Press Inc * Number Of Pages: 378 * Publication Date: 1975-01 * ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0120066203 * ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780120066209 * Binding: Hardcover Product Description: This latest volume of the biannual serial continues rapid, current coverage of all aspects of the molecular basis of human cancer, functions of oncogenes, and research strategies for cancer drug development and treatment. Topics reviewed in Volume 62 include chromosomes and cancer; pathways in Ras function; APC gene in human cancer; molecular cytogenetics of renal cell tumors; reverse transformation, genome exposure, and cancer; peptide-binding heat shock proteins in endoplasmic reticulum; new developments in the Epstein-Barr virus field; direct cellular communication and humoral immune response.

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Big is not Beautiful ?? Think Again !

Written By share_e on Sunday, April 17, 2011 | 9:55 PM

Big is not beautiful. That stigma against fat people who continue to spread and become global. Recent studies even show the number of countries that see a negative image of obesity without shrinking from year to year. That means, the global desire will continue to increase lean body. Alexandra Brewis, an anthropologist at Arizona State University, close attention in recent years is the people who originally open-minded towards the idolized form of body fat, lean body. The most famous example is the island of Fiji, South Pacific. Brewis who visited the island in 1980 found that obesity is celebrated there. But with the arrival of television on the island in 1995 direct community views to change. "The girls in Fiji began to compare themselves with series star Melrose Place or Beverly Hills 90210," Brewis said that conducts research on global views of svelte body. In a survey in 1998, 15 percent of teenage girls in Fiji say they often provoke vomiting to control weight. The figure jumped from 3 percent in 1995. Swift flow of information from television is also making 74 percent of teenage girls felt too fat. Still want a body fat is not equal to stigmatize fat people. According Brewis in Western countries, fat people are perceived as being lazy and lacking self control. This view is different in countries with more friendly in obese people. "Although the hope has a slim body but they do not look negatively on obese people," he said. Brewis and colleagues conducted a survey of urban population in Western countries like the United States, Britain and Iceland, as well as countries such as Latin American Samoa, Argentina, Mexico, Paraguay, Puerto Rico and Tanzania. The survey results show that friendly places on the body fat continues to disappear. Places such as Puerto Rico and Samoa which had linked obesity with a gorgeous fat people now regard as laziness. "The situation is rapidly changing," says Brewis. They also established a scale score of 0 (no stigma) to 25 (most stigmatize). Tanzania has a score of 10, while Paraguy scored 15.
Other countries are in between the two. Unfortunately the respondents in this study only slightly, 700 people, so many experts consider this study can not represent a sample of each country. After all every culture has a different perspective on obesity. In India for example, people who are overweight are considered as being rich. But indeed in developing countries usually fat people less fortunate. "Those who are overweight usually difficult to get a job and also a mate," says Scott Lear, professor of health sciences from Canada.
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Facebook Can Trigger Depression?

Using social networking sites like Facebook now has become an integral part of the lifestyle of modern society.

Up is believed to have great influence on many aspects of life, both positive and negative nature. The use of social networks among teenagers and children were considered to be very helpful.

But behind its benefits, pediatricians in the United States warned of possible negative impacts. A group of physicians who are members of the American Academy of Pediatrics warns parents will be the emergence of the risk of depression due to the use of these social networking sites. They call the phenomenon "Facebook Depression" to threaten the teens due to obsessed with the online site.

Previously, the experts expressed disapproval that up are directly related to depression in some children. They assess, to conclude the relationship between friendship site with symptoms of depression in children is not easy. Similarly, to distinguish the psychological condition related to the use of this site. But Gwenn O'Keeffe, a pediatrician in Boston who wrote a guide the use of social networking for the American Academy of Paediatrics stated, there are unique aspects of Facebook that can cause difficulties for children with low self-esteem. As a medium of expression for the event where someone can share your heart's content, update status, or attach personal photos while having fun, a page up by O'Keeffe actually can make some children feel worse. Those with low self-confidence is thinking if they do not meet the same fate. "

It could be more painful than sitting alone in a crowd during lunch at school or any other real life events that could make the kids hit," said O'Keeffe. He considered, up to provide a narrow view of what really happened, because online there is no way to see facial expressions or body language read to provide context. With the guidance provided by the American Academy of Paediatrics, O'Keefe said the doctors expected to deliver a message to the parents so that they would supervise their children.

Parents can convey to their children about how to use the internet better and be aware of the risk of depression or other online use such as cyberbullying and sexting.
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Free Download - Bartered Brides: Politics, Gender and Marriage in an Afghan Tribal Society - pdf

Bartered Brides is a detailed study of marriage among the Maduzai, a tribal society in Afghan Turkistan. It is the first study of the area which looks in depth at both the domestic aspects of marriage and its relation to the productive and reproductive activities of women, as well as marriage as a means of managing political and economic conflict and competition. The fieldwork was carried out in the early 1970s before the 1978 coup and Soviet invasion. In this respect the book offers a a unique account of a world that has disappeared. Nancy Tapper presents both male and female perspectives, detailed case studies and historical and statistical material. As an ethnographic and historical record, Bartered Brides breaks new ground in the study of Islam, the Middle East and Southwest Asia. As the most detailed and extensive discussion of a Middle Eastern marriage system to date, it contributes to wider anthropological studies of marriage, politics and gender.
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Free Download - Hepatology, Principles and Practice: History, Morphology, Biochemistry, Diagnostics, Clinic, Therapy - pdf

Hepatology -- a systematic overview. The 1st edition was sold out within one year and a reprint became necessary. The 2nd edition has been updated, revised and extended to include some 900 pages. Unique- 477 top-quality coloured figures containing clinical and immunological findings, laparoscopic and and histologic features as well as imaging procedures- all figures directly integrated in the respective text; this results in a new form of learning from "seeing" to "understanding" Attractive- 306 tables in colour- coloured highlighting of important principles and statements for better reading- well-structured and systematic approaches support the content- derived from clinical hepatology for practical use by specialists and in hospital Instructive- detailed presentation of morphology and its integration in liver disease- precise recommendations for therapy and summarized descriptions of special forms of treatment (inlcuding a separate chapter on "Therapy" Manual- about 7,000 references are listed in full; quotations of significant historical publications- first authors of therapy procedures, methods, medical techniques and invasive measures are given as far as possible- comprehensive subject index and register of abbreviations.

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Pdf Download : Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Multiple Sclerosis, 2nd Edition

Written By share_e on Saturday, April 16, 2011 | 4:53 PM



The first edition of this authoritative book quickly became the single source for accurate and unbiased information on complementary and alternative medicine approaches for the management of MS symptoms. The second edition, completely updated throughout, reflects advances in the field since the book’s initial publication in 2001. Therapies are organized alphabetically so that readers can easily pinpoint a specific treatment and learn about its origins, merits, and possible uses in MS. In-depth discussions cover Naltrexone, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic medicine, cooling therapy, yoga, diets, the use of supplements, herbs, vitamins, and minerals, and many other topics. This invaluable guide alerts MS patients and their families to new options for relief when conventional therapies are limited; directs them to therapies that are effective, low-risk, and inexpensive; and helps them recognize those that are ineffective, dangerous, and costly. People diagnosed with an incurable disease are too-often targets of terribly unscrupulous or questionable methods of helping or curing them. When conventional medicine cannot cure us it is, to some degree, understandable. Dr. Bowling has put together a well-researched book that briefly discusses CAMs and various therapies, including yoga, tai chi, dietary supplements, vitamins and so forth. Each is briefly described, treatment method discussed, any known scientific research is summarized, side effects noted, practical information listed, and a conclusion and additional reading sources detailed. Dr. Bowling does note that some therapies, while not proven to help those with MS, may seem to help because of the "placebo effect." If it causes no harm, why not try it? However, some of these therapies can be detrimental to those with MS and it is wise to know what those are. This is a book for those who want objective and documented information. Some will claim it is biased against CAMs or undocumented therapies, but I did not find that to be the case. I found it very helpful.

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Free Download - Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine - pdf

This concise manual is for sports medicine specialists who want to effectively prescribe footwear and orthotics for the athlete. The book provides a logical approach designed to maximize performance and minimize injury. Introductory chapters address the fundamentals, including athletic foot types, basic biomechanics, and gait evaluation. The reader is then guided step-by-step through the assessment and prescription of shoes, inserts, and orthotics. Socks and lacing are addressed as well. The text is complete with coverage of new technologies and a wealth of sports-specific recommendations. Evidence-based medicine is incorporated where relevant to demonstrate the correlation between recommendations and outcomes. Referral and coding and billing are also noted. In addition, a full complement of photographs and drawings clearly illustrates key concepts. By presenting essential information in a convenient and easily accessible format, this book will prove to be invaluable for sports medicine physicians, podiatrists, physical therapists, athletic trainers, and other specialists when making footwear recommendations for athletes.

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Free Download - Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures - pdf

The impact of illness on individual lives and society at large was once considered too vast to gauge. More recently, quantitative measures of quality of life, life expectancy, and the financial costs of illness and treatment are showing not only how this impact can be calculated but also how the results can be used to further research and improve public health. The Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures is the first comprehensive reference to these instruments and their findings on an international scale. The Handbook features in-depth reviews of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), quality of life and financial measures for over 120 diseases and conditions. Its editors have organized this critical information for maximum access and ease of use, with abstracts, definitions of key terms, summary points, and dozens of figures and tables that can enhance the text or stand alone. Readers may access data by country, region, or population, or by disease entity, e.g.: Cardiovascular and pulmonary, including hypertension, stroke, and COPD. Viral, bacterial, microbial, parasitic, and other infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, encephalitis, and dengue fever, plus vaccination issues. Cancer, including breast, prostate, cervical, colorectal, and pediatric. Psychosocial, psychiatric, sensory, and addictive (drugs, alcohol, tobacco) disorders. Topics ranging from toxic exposure (injection contamination, occupational hazards, environmental pollutants), to special populations (children, the elderly in China, the city of Los Angeles), to commonly-occurring conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, menopause, macular degeneration). Plus chapters discuss specific measures for assessing health and disease impact, such as the WHOQoL questionnaire, the SF-36 Short-Form Health Survey, and the Quality of Life in Later Life Questionnaire. The Handbook’s broad coverage and meticulous, up-to-date detail make it essential for public health researchers in the area of quality of life.

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Free Download - Integrated Ground-Based Observing Systems: Applications for Climate, Meteorology, and Civil Protection - pdf

The book is a collection of the lectures delivered during the 7th International Summer School on Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (ISSAOS) titled “Integrated Ground-Based Observing Systems Applications for Climate, Meteorology, and Civil Protection”. Its aim is to contribute to the scientific understanding of basic concepts and applications of integrated ground-based observing systems. The first part describes the most common instrumentations showing their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, strategic plans for the deployment of an observation site are discussed along with an overview of techniques for integrating heterogeneous data. The second part introduces cutting-edge applications, including assimilation in numerical weather prediction, climate benchmarking, air quality monitoring and meteo/hydrological warnings.


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Free Download - Algebra and TrigonometryFirst Principles of Meteorology and Air Pollution (Environmental Pollution) - pdf

This book’s main objective is to decipher for the reader the main processes in the atmosphere and the quantification of air pollution effects on humans and the environment, through first principles of meteorology and modelling/measurement approaches. The understanding of the complex sequence of events, starting from the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere to the human health effects as the final event, is necessary for the prognosis of potential risk to humans from specific chemical compounds and mixtures of them. It fills a gap in the literature by providing a solid grounding in the first principles of meteorology and air pollution, making it particularly useful for undergraduate students. Its broad scope makes it a valuable text in many related disciplines, containing a comprehensive and integrated methodology to study the first principles of air pollution, meteorology, indoor air pollution, and human exposure. Problem-solving exercises help to reinforce concepts.


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Free Download - Learning from HIV and AIDS (Biosocial Society Symposium Series) - pdf

Written By share_e on Friday, April 15, 2011 | 7:31 AM

Learning from HIV and AIDS (Biosocial Society Symposium Series) By George Ellison, Melissa Parker, Catherine Campbell Publisher: Cambridge University Press Number Of Pages: 318 Publication Date: 2003-11-17 ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0521808669 ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780521808668 Binding: Hardcover Product Description: This study brings together health-care professionals and scholars from a variety of disciplines who seek to understand, and prevent, the transmission of HIV. The biological and social factors concerned with the spread and impact of HIV/AIDS has resulted in dedicated research from each of the disciplines and provided unique insights into the disease. By assembling their insights in one multidisciplinary volume, this book provides a more complete picture of the complex disease, and demonstrates why preventing the spread of HIV will require interdisciplinary collaboration.

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Free Download - HIV and Psychiatry: Training and Resource Manual - pdf

This new edition of HIV and Psychiatry is fully revised and brings together a strong, international team of experts to create the most up-to-date handbook for mental health professionals dealing with HIV-infected and HIV-affected people. HIV care has become more complex, involving increasingly successful treatments with combinations of antiretrovirals from different classes. Patients now live longer, making the need for effective psychiatric care greater than ever to ensure good adherence to drug treatments and the best possible quality of life. Using case studies throughout, this training manual addresses all of the issues involved in caring for HIV and AIDS patients in order to help clinicians provide the best, state-of-the-art care for these individuals.

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Free Download - Outpatient Management of HIV Infection, Third Edition (OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION) - pdf

Featured on both the Brandon/Hill and the American Academy of Family Physicians' lists of recommended books, the Second Edition of Outpatient Management of HIV Infection provided a compilation of sample cases, questions asked by patients, guidance on setting up systems of care, and detailed discussions of clinical issues. Because of the development of new drugs and complex treatment strategies, the landscape of HIV/AIDS has shifted dramatically in the past few years. Following the same user-friendly format as the previous editions, the third edition of this popular book reflects this shift, bringing you up-to-date treatment and diagnosis guidelines and emphasizing the practical aspects of care at all stages of HIV infection. It provides an update on new anti-retroviral agents and treatment strategies and provides insight into the future of HIV care. It also discusses the impact of managed care on the care of HIV infected individuals. With its coverage of traditional discussions and novel topics, Outpatient Management of HIV Infection, Third Edition will help you navigate the complex medical and social issues inherent in this disease. This is a tour de force book on an extremely complex topic. Dr. Masci has managed to include something for everyone here. The new practitioner can use it for a guideline of good practice while the experienced practitioner can relate to the author's extensive experience and research. In addition to core medical data, Masci has included information on assisting patients to live healthy lives. This book crosses disciplinary boundaries, making it useful for all healthcare practitioners who care for HIV/AIDS patients. Bravo, Dr. Masci!

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Free Download - Strengthening the Education Sector Response to HIV&AIDS in the Caribbean (World Bank Working Papers) by: World Bank - pdf

The Caribbean Region is second only to Africa in the impact of HIV&AIDS. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) has responded to this challenge by promoting a multisectoral response to the epidemic. UNESCO has provided regional leadership in strengthening the education sector component of this response. In 2005, UNESCO launched, with CARICOM and the World Bank, a regioinal dialogue involving representatives of Ministries of Education, national HIV&AIDS coordinating councils, development partners, and regional institutions providing leadership in the HIV response, which led tot he development and endorsement of a regional Proposal for Action: Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV&AIDS in the Caribbean Region. In June 2006, Ministers of Education and representatives of National AIDS AUthorities met in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, under the auspices of the CARICOM Council on Human and Social Development, and agreed to promote education sector leadership in addressing HIV&AIDS and to create a supportive policy and financial environment at national and regional levels. This report describes the development of these regional processes and how they have led to a stronger education sector response at the regional level. It also focuses on developments in three countries (Guyana, Jamaica, and St. Lucia) as examples of how thiss regional effort translates into action at the national level.

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Free Download - Positive Prevention: Reducing HIV Transmission among People Living with HIV AIDS (Perspectives on Critical Care Infectious Diseases) - pdf

"This book is a 'must read' for those interestedƂ in the preventionƂ ofƂ HIV transmission. It has enough breadth to provide aƂ general overview of 'prevention with positives' and enough detail to satisfy and educate those already working in this area.Ƃ Clinicians who want to develop or refine their approaches to counseling patients with HIV will find this book valuable." (Gary Marks, PhD., New England Journal of Medicine, August 4, 2005) The CDC has made a revision in their philosophy underlying recommended prevention techniques to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. The new approach focuses on "positive prevention", that is, prevention among people living with HIV/AIDS. This important distinction has resulted in the need to reexamine the behaviors around HIV transmission and the approaches to prevention when working within this diverse population. Positive Prevention is a timely volume containing the latest contributions from the top scholars in the field on preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Issues covered include unprotected sex with HIV-positive gay and bisexual men; issues around whether disclosure leads to safer sex; mental health and HIV with young adults; the impact of HIV diagnosis on sexual risk behaviors; interventions in community settings; and more. There is also a important chapter on international perspectives on "positive prevention". This volume will serve as an invaluable sourcebook for all professionals working in the field of HIV / AIDS prevention.

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Free Download - Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV: Five Years of Experience from Sub-saharan Africa (Education and Hiv Aids) - pdf

This Review was undertaken by the Networks of Ministry of Education HIV&AIDS Focal Point from countries in sub-Saharan Africa participating in the Accelerate Initiative, together with stakeholder and partner representatives. The education sector has become increasingly recognized as playing a key external role in prevention and in reducing stigma, and an important internal role in providing access to care, treatment and support for teachers and staff, a group that in many countries represents more than 60% of the public sector workforce. In 2002, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV&AIDS (UNAIDS) Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on Education established the Accelerate Initiative Working Group to support countries in sub-Saharan Africa as they accelerate their education sector responses to HIV&AIDS through the establishment of programs with strong local ownership, capable of accessing suitable funding and implementation at all levels of the education sector. The Networks of Ministry of Education HIV&AIDS Focal Points, established through the Initiative under the auspices of the Africa Union Regional Economic Communities, have rapidly taken ownership of the Accelerate Initiative. This Review explores the experiences of education sectors across sub-Saharan Africa as they accelerate their response to HIV&AIDS within the Accelerate Initiative. It demonstrates that leadership by Ministries of Education has been crucial in mobilizing activities, and that full participation of all stakeholders is needed for effective implementation. Since 2002: 37 countries have participated; 4 Networks have been established; 1,350 education staff members and 76 development partners have participated in 120 training days; 75% of participating countries are now accessing funds through their National AIDS Committees; 76% have an HIV&AIDS education sector strategy and plan; 91% train teachers to protect themselves; all countries are now implementing HIV prevention education; 74% are training teachers in the life skills approach; and 71% provide free education for orphans and vulnerable children.

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Free Download - Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence - pdf

Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence By Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries Publisher: National Academies Press Number Of Pages: 298 Publication Date: 2006-11-28 ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0309102804 ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780309102803 Product Description: Presents report of the Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries held in Geneva, Switzerland, in December 2005. Topics include treatment for drug dependence, sterile needle and syringe access outreach, education, taking action, and more. For public health personnel. Softcover.

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Free Download - HIV Screening and Access to Care: Exploring Barriers and Facilitators to Expanded HIV Testing - pdf

More than 200,000 people in the United States living with HIV/AIDS do not know they are infected. The Institute of Medicine's Committee on HIV Screening and Access to Care held a workshop and reviewed literature to explore barriers and facilitators to more widespread HIV testing. This book contains the committee's conclusions. The HIV epidemic remains a major disease burden in the United States, with approximately 56,300 new infections occurring each year (CDC, 2008a). Knowledge of HIV status and receipt of timely care can help to prevent HIV transmission and improve clinical outcomes. Yet, of the 1.1 million people in the United States living with HIV/AIDS, approximately 21 percent are unaware that they are infected with the disease (Campsmith et al., 2010). The White House Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP) has developed a National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) to reduce new HIV infections, increase access to care and improve health outcomes for individuals living with HIV, and reduce HIV-related health disparities in the United States (ONAP, 2010b). To help inform the implementation of the NHAS, an Institute of Medicine committee hosted a public workshop and gathered data to assess the extent to which federal and state laws and policies and private health insurance policies pose a barrier to expanded HIV testing. The committee identified barriers to HIV testing that included state legal requirements for HIV testing; discordant federal HIV testing recommendations; public and private health insurance policies; policies inhibiting use of rapid HIV tests; and policies and practices in corrections settings. In addition, the committee identified the need for more programs and policies to promote clinician education and training and reduce constraints on practice environments, as well as reduce HIV stigma and discrimination, as barriers to expanded HIV testing. The committee identified several strategies to increase HIV testing and identification of HIV-infected individuals as well. The research reviewed by the committee indicates that opt-out HIV testing, where an individual is told that testing will be performed unless he or she declines, may facilitate HIV testing, although there is still debate about the ethics of opt-out HIV testing.

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Free Download | The Washington Manual of Surgery

Written By share_e on Thursday, April 14, 2011 | 8:06 PM



Revised and updated by residents and faculty of one of the world's top surgical training programs, The Washington Manual of Surgery, Fifth Edition provides concise guidelines and algorithms for diagnosis and management of surgical diseases. The book's pocket size and user-friendly outline format ensure fast access to information. This edition incorporates evidence-based medicine into each chapter, so readers can fully understand the reasoning behind the recommendations. Minimally invasive techniques, including endovascular, are incorporated into all relevant anatomical site and disease chapters. Coverage of vascular disease has been reorganized into three chapters: cerebrovascular disease, thoracoabdominal vascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. As a General Surgeon and Surgery teacher in a residency I appreciate the value of this manual. I may get quick, truthful and current answers in my job and with my medical's residents. Thank for this gem.

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Free Download - From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor - Lost in Transition: An American Society of Clinical Oncology and Institute of Medicine Symposium - pdf

With the risk of more than one in three getting cancer during a lifetime, each of us is likely to experience cancer, or know someone who has survived cancer. Although some cancer survivors recover with a renewed sense of life and purpose, what has often been ignored is the toll taken by cancer and its treatment - on health, functioning, sense of security, and well-being. Long lasting effects of treatment may be apparent shortly after its completion or arise years later. The transition from active treatment to post-treatment care is critical to long-term health. "From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor" focuses on survivors of adult cancer during the phase of care that follows primary treatment. The book raises awareness of the medical, functional, and psychosocial consequences of cancer and its treatment. It defines quality health care for cancer survivors and identifies strategies to achieve it. The book also recommends improvements in the quality of life of cancer survivors through policies that ensure their access to psychosocial services, fair employment practices, and health insurance. This book will be of particular interest to cancer patients and their advocates, health care providers and their leadership, health insurers, employers, research sponsors, and the public and their elected representatives.

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Free Download - The Washington Manual® of Outpatient Internal Medicine - pdf



Geared to primary care practitioners, The Washington Manual® of Outpatient Internal Medicine focuses on common ambulatory medical problems encountered in each medical subspecialty. The book has a quick-reference format similar to The Washington Manual® of Medical Therapeutics, with a standard chapter template, a bulleted style, numerous tables and figures, and a two-color design. All chapters are written by house staff and faculty at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine.

Coverage includes the traditional internal medicine subspecialties and other areas where problems are frequently seen in the ambulatory setting, such as dermatology, neurology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and psychiatry. Most subspecialties have separate symptom- and disease-based chapters. The Washington Manual® is a registered mark belonging to Washington University in St. Louis to which international legal protection applies. The mark is used in this publication by LWW under license from Washington University.

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Free Download - The Sports Medicine Resource Manual - pdf

Written by primary care sports medicine physicians, The Sports Medicine Resource Manual is the one musculoskeletal textbook that is ideally suited for family medicine and sports medicine providers. Chapters on physical exam and diagnosis are carefully integrated with sections on rehabilitation and management-including a complete guide to procedural skills such as casting, injections, compartment testing, running shoe prescriptions and more. In this conveniently sized volume, sports medicine physicians, orthopedists, emergency medicine physicians, physical therapists, pediatricians, team physicians, athletic trainers, and others share their expertise on everything from diagnosis and proper rehabilitation of musculoskeletal pain to "field side" coverage and acute management of the injured athlete. Designed as both a tutorial and a trusted reference, this easy-to-reference resource will provide you with expert guidance for years to come.Integrates sports medicine diagnosis and management with procedural skills, making this a one-stop reference for outpatient sports and musculoskeletal medicine.Features expert guidance from multiple medical disciplines, providing you with well-rounded coverage from various perspectives. Includes evidence-based guidelines and ratings, wherever available, ensuring you have the best clinical knowledge to deliver the best possible outcomes. Emphasizes rehabilitation of soft tissue injury, fracture management, and musculoskeletal procedures to help you effectively treat more of what you see regularly. Presents appendices on exercise and injury for special populations, including pregnant women and pediatric and geriatric patients, enabling you to appropriately care for the diverse range of individuals in primary care practice. Uses a templated format throughout making reference a snap.

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Free Download - Handbook of Drug Monitoring Methods: Therapeutics and Drugs of Abuse - pdf

In Handbook of Drug Monitoring Methods: Therapeutics and Drug Abuse, authors discuss the different analytical techniques used in today’s practice of therapeutic drug monitoring and drugs of abuse as well as alcohol testing with relevant theory, mechanism, and in-depth scientific discussion on each topic. This volume is the perfect handbook and quick reference for any clinical laboratory, allowing clinicians to find the potential source of a false-positive or a false-negative result in the daily operation of a toxicology laboratory. At the same time, this book can also be used as a reference for medical technologists, supervisors, laboratory directors, clinical chemists, toxicologists, and pathologists to find in-depth cause of a potential interference and what tests can be ordered to circumvent such problem. The volume’s first half focuses on various issues of therapeutic drug monitoring. Additional chapters cover analysis of heavy metals, alcohol testing, and issues of drugs of abuse testing. These chapters are written by experts in their relative sub-specialties and also by the editor. Comprehensive and timely, Handbook of Drug Monitoring Methods: Therapeutics and Drug Abuse is the ideal text for clinicians and researchers monitoring alcohol and drug testing and other important tasks of toxicological laboratory services.

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Pdf Download : Pain Control Support for People With Cancer - Free Download

Written By share_e on Monday, April 11, 2011 | 12:06 PM

Having cancer doesn't mean that you'll have pain. But if you do, you can manage most of your pain with medicine and other treatments. This book will show you how to work with your doctors, nurses, and others to find the best way to control your pain.

It will discuss causes of pain, medicines, how to talk to your doctor, and other topics that may help you. In this book, your 'health care team' can mean any of the professionals you see as part of your medical care.

These may include your oncologist, your family doctor, nurses, physical therapists, pharmacists, oncology social workers, clergy members, and others. You may read it from front to back. Or you may want to read different parts as you need them. There is a list of resources toward the end of the book.

There is also a page where you can write down notes and keep track of the medicines you're taking. This section also includes a sample pain control record.




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Pdf Download : The Unequal Burden of Cancer: An Assessment of NIH Research and Programs for Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved - Free Download

The Unequal Burden of Cancer: An Assessment of NIH Research and Programs for Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved By Committee on Cancer Research Among Minor, Institute of Medicine * Publisher: National Academies Press * Number Of Pages: 352 * Publication Date: 1999-05-11 * ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0309071542 * ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780309071543 Product Description: Report of the Institute of Medicine prompted by a concern for ethnic minority and medically underserved populations that often experience a greater burden of cancer. Contains a brief history of the nation's struggle against cancer, recommendations addressing the quality and scope of care to this segment of the population, and a review of research and training programs. For policymakers.


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Pdf Download : Cancer-Related Genetic Testing and Counseling - Free Download

Improving Palliative Care for Cancer By National Cancer Policy Board, National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Kathleen M. Foley, Hellen Gelband * Publisher: National Academies Press * Number Of Pages: 325 * Publication Date: 2001-10-15 * ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0309074029 * ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780309074025 Product Description: Builds on and takes forward an agenda set out by the 1997 IOM report Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. Identifies the special needs of cancer patients and the importance of the clinical and research establishment involved in cancer care to take a leadership role in modeling the best quality care from diagnosis to death for all Americans. Softcover. 




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Pdf Download -Mammography and Beyond: Developing Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer - Free Download

Mammography and Beyond: Developing Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer By Committee on Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Policy Board, Institute of Medicine, Division of Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council * Publisher: National Academies Press * Number Of Pages: 312 * Publication Date: 2001-07-24 * ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0309072832 * ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780309072830 Product Description:

(Committee on Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer) Report of the committee which examined the current state of the art in early breast cancer detection, identifying new technologists, and the steps in medical technology development and policies influencing their adoption and use. DNLM: Breast Neoplasms--diagnosis. 




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